Estimation of Weighted Average Cost of Capital Essay

Estimation of Weighted Average Cost of Capital - Essay ExampleThe root word also discusses the various project evaluation techniques like Net Present Value Method, Internal Rate of Return, and so on. The paper takes a quantitative feeler for the explanation of various concepts in Capital Structure and Project Evaluation Techniques/Capital Budgeting Techniques.Cost of capital is an important phenomenon in determining the overall/ heavy average make up of capital. In fact, the financial risk is judged by investors and other stakeholders in line with cost of capital and nature of capital mental synthesis. The overall cost of capital heap be reduced and value of the firm can be improved by maximizing the debt content in the capital structure. But, as debt content goes on increasing, equity investors expectations about risk will also change. Investors feel risk in investment with highly levered firms and vice versa. Capital structure theories postulate the various possibilities of ca pital structure. It does not speak about which approach is most beneficial to companies in various situations. Capital structure is not a static phenomenon. It keeps on changing with every change in the mix of various sources of capital/fund. The profitability of a business proposal/ project can be evaluated in various ways using both discounted and non-discounted project evaluation methods.

Comparisons & Careers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparisons & Careers - Essay Examplelocal, public health aims to prevent disease, promote commonwealth health, and prolong life through organized community or group efforts (Beaglehole & Bonita, 2009, 2). Thus, it is essential to study the individual population health of each country in order to understand the world(prenominal) public health of the fall in States.To have a comparison of public health among other countries and the United States, the author selected Kenyas health data. Kenya is located in the African region and the health metrics used both in Kenya and United States health data are for 2009. From the world-wide perspective, 50% must be the global average of population living in urban areas. Kenya has less than global average of people living in the urban areas (22%) while the United States is far above the global average (82%). Meanwhile, United States has greater life expectancy (81 years) than Kenya (62 years) from a global perspective of 71 years (WHO, 2012, n .p.).Other health metrics are likewise observed, particularly those of mortality rates among children, adult risk factors, availability of health workforce, and inequities in health care. Surprisingly, the author found strikingly deviations between two countries and the global perspective of public health. For instance, health metrics of Kenya revealed that the population has higher mortality rates than U.S. in children under five years old, adult, pregnant women, and those with HIV/ help and tuberculosis. Kenyas morality rates of 63 cases of HIV per 1,000 population aged 15-49 years and the 283 cases of tuberculosis per 100,000 population have caught the attention of the author as genetic diseases are more prevalent in Kenya (76) than in U.S. (9) while non-communicable diseases are more prevalent in U.S. (72) than in Kenya (14) (WHO, 2012, n.p.). In addition, the author found out that there are 360 deaths per 100,000 population due to maternal-related causes which calls for exte nsive need to address this health problem. Other

Environment degradation in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Environment degradation in China - Essay ExampleChina has faced an enduring and signally quick economic development since its liberalization in 1978. Despite the fact that having considerably improved the lifestyle of the large part of the population, the economic progress has resulted in severe environmental predicaments, such as widespread water and air pollution, solid waste accumulation, high air pollution and water scarcity in urban areas. The situation of the environment is still deteriorating and posing, in several areas, problems to economic development.Between 1980 and 1993 urban water use soared by 350 % and industrial consumption doubly over the period (World Bank, 2001)1. Demand for water has been growing at the time when several regions of China faced water scarcity, major water pollution, and reduced groundwater tables in any event flood and famine damage.These factors have deteriorated the deficiency of water resources, augmented costs of water purification, and in c ases where suitable infrastructure has not been present, endangered the safety of crapulence water, consequently the health of the population. They also had critical impacts on the safety of industrial and agricultural manufacture and led to losses in fishing business. It is expected that the periodical economic loss from water pollution in China reaches 1.5-3 % of GDP, having more major impact than floods and famine (Chinese Academy of Engineering, 2000)2.These issues are especially severe in northern China and in the catchments of the three rivers namely Huai, Hai and Huang. These three catchments comprise around 35 % of total GDP and include the economically and politically live Beijing-Tianjin region.Yet the major causes of water pollution are industrial wastewater grow, raw municipal sewage discharge and non-point pollution from agriculture. Of late, non-point water pollution, which emanates from fertilizer and pesticide overspill, and release from intensive animal producti on businesses, is becoming critical and can be expected to rise even further.Quality of Surface and Coastal Water & GroundwaterThe chemic and organic quality of the surface water is normally low. The main pollutants are raw material from domestic and industrial sources, industrial hydrocarbons, light lubricating oil, plant nutrients and fundamental metals. Bacteriological pollution is

Philosophy- Philosophy and Psychiatry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Philosophy- Philosophy and Psychiatry - Essay ExampleNot every suicidal patient survives, even when a psychiatrist does everything in their power. If a patient wants to elapse, they will find a way. When a person commits suicide, the word means more than just one cleaning oneself. When suicideas self-killing was viewed as an act, language only had verbs and verbal nouns with which to name it. Absent the word suicide, people viewed the self-killer as a moral agent, responsible for his deed. By contrast, we now think of suicide as a happening or result, attribute it to mental illness, and view the agents as a victim (patient).1breaking the character of their profession. Psychiatrists are supposed to help suicidal patients. It is true non all patients put forward be helped, but a doctor, even psychiatrists, are supposed to do no harm. Assisted suicide does more harm than good. The psychiatrist in effect gives up on the patient.Psychological pain cannot be determined with an atomic number 6 percent accuracy by anyone other than the patient. It is a psychiatrist job to work with mentally ill people, but they can only see the symptoms, not the actual problem. This is why a psychiatrist should never assist in suicide.The condition under which doctors, and only doctors, may practice euthanasia the decision to die must be the voluntary and considered decision of an informed patient there must be physical or mental suffering which the suffer finds impossible there is no other reasonable (i.e. acceptable to the patient) solution to improve the situation the doctor must consult another senior professional.3In terminally ill patients, a doctor can judge a patients pain and disease. For example, an inoperable cancer spread through out the body can be judged through tests. Doctors can predict how long a patient has to live by studying the proof of the bodys failing, like tumors and other tissue samples.The brain can still be a mystery at times. CAT scans can

Diabetes Research Essay Example for Free

Diabetes Research EssayDiabetes is often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus. This describes a group of diseases in which the person has high fall glucose (blood sugar). This could be because either insulin production is inadequate or the bodys cells do not respond properly to insulin. There ar 3 types of diabetes1)Type 1 DiabetesThe body does not produce insulin. People usually develop type 1 diabetes in early adulthood or teenage years. Approximately 10% of all diabetes cases atomic number 18 type 1, it is nowhere near as common as type 2. Patients with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin injections for the peace of mind of their life and carry out regular blood tests and a special diet to ensure proper blood-glucose levels.2)Type 2 DiabetesThe body does not produce nice insulin for proper function, or the cells in the body do not react to insulin. Some people may be able to control their type 2 diabetes symptoms by losing weight, a wellnessy diet, and doing lots of exercise. They would also have to monitor their blood-glucose levels. Although the patients will most likely end up having to take insulin in oral contraceptive form because type 2 diabetes is typically a progressive disease.3)Gestational DiabetesThis type affects woman during pregnancy, some woman have very high levels of glucose in their bodies and ar unable to produce enough insulin. The majority of gestational diabetes patients can control their diabetes with exercise and diet. Undiagnosed or uncontrolled gestational diabetes can raise the luck of complications during minorbirth.HistoryFor 2,000 years diabetes has been recognized as a devastating and deadly disease. In the 17th century a London physician, Dr. Thomas Willis,determined whether his patients had diabetes or not by sampling their urine. If it had a sweet taste he would diagnose them with diabetes mellitus- honeyed diabetes. In the early 20th century, diabetologists such as Dr. Frederick Allen positivisti c low calorie diets-as little as 450 calories per day for his patients. His diet prolonged the life of people with diabetes but kept them weak and suffering from near starvation. In his book, The Discovery of Insulin, Michael Bliss describes the paroxysmful wasting death of many people with diabetes before insulin Food and drink no longer mattered, often could not be taken.A restless drowsiness shaded into semi-consciousness. As the lungs heaved desperately to expel carbonic acid (as carbon dioxide), the dying diabetic took huge gasps of air to try to join on his capacity. Air hunger the doctors called it, and the whole process was somemultiplication described as internal suffocation. The gasping and sighing and sweet smell lingered on as the unconsciousness became a thick(p) diabetic coma. At that point the family could make its arrangements with the undertaker, for within a few hours death would end the suffering.Then in 1921 something truly miraculous occurred in Ontario, Cana da. A young surgeon Frederick Banting, and his assistant Charles Best, kept a severely diabetic dog alive for 70 days by injecting it with a murky variety of canine pancreas extract. Since insulins discovery, medical breakthroughs continued to prolong and ease the lives of people with diabetes. In 1935 Roger Hinsworth discovered there were deuce types of diabetes insulin sensitive (type I) and insulin insensitive (type II). By differentiating between the two types of diabetes, Hinsworth helped open up new avenues of treatment. In the 1950s, oral medications-sulfonylureas were developed for people with type II. These drugs stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin, helping people with type II diabetes keep tighter control over their blood sugars. In the 1960s urine strips were developed, and Becton-Dickinson introduced the single use syringe in 1961. This greatly reduced the amount of pain from injections as well as the time-consuming ritual of boiling needles and glass syringe s.Chemistry behind diabetesDiabetes is characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the body. The management of insulin therapy in resemblance to carbohydrates can be hard to deal with for most diabetics. Carbohydrates lead to increased blood sugar. Once digested, carbohydrates break down into glucose molecules, which are then converted into adenosine triphosphate in the cells with insulin. Too little insulin causes an excess of unconverted glucose, and too much insulin causes low blood sugar. Carbohydrates are necessary when a diabetic is experiencing hypoglycemia to countervail for the excess insulin in the blood stream, which can lead to serious consequences, such as seizure or even death.Social ImpactsDiabetes is more than a health condition. For most people, its a new way of life, and it affects relationships in all areas as much as it affects eating and physical activity. One challenge lining a diabetes student is the ongoing medical care required during school hours. It is up to the parents to make sure the school officials, nurses, and teachers are educated and comply with their childs needs. Another challenge is helping the child fit in. often other children have no knowledge or understanding of diabetes and with a comprehension that the child is being treated differently this could lead to teasing and possibly bullying. Sports are an important part of many peoples lives. Teamwork and physical activity are vital parts of a well-rounded life. Diabetes doesnt have to alter that Exercise is essential in diabetes management, and participation in sports can get out this and other benefits. But it does require some extra effort by the diabetic.Economic impactsDiabetes is a disease that occurs worldwide, and therefore its economic impact is experienced globally. With increase concern among providers about the rising cost of health care, economic assessments of the impact of various diseases are growing in importance. This imposes a large economic co nsign on the individual, national healthcare system and economy.Environmental impactsEnvironmental factors appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of childhood-onset of type 1 diabetes. Breastfeeding, the early strawman or lack of certain foods, birth weight, childhood over-nutrition, and negative stress events have been shown to be related to the prevalence of type 1 diabetes. More studies are starting to show that pollution can affect the symptoms of diabetes by increasing inflammation and contributing to weight gain. People who live in urban areas are more likely to breathe polluted air, which is believed to be a factor in insulin resistance. Moreover, diabetics have a harder time controlling blood flow during times where air pollution is increased leading to intensified cardiovascular problems.

Language as a Powerful Mind Control Weapon Essay Example for Free

Language as a Powerful Mind Control Weapon EssayNineteen Eighty-Four (1949) is a classic dystopian bracing by face author George Orwell. Akin to the latters earlier work, Animal Farm (1945), Nineteen Eighty-Four is a cautionary tale near the dangers of totalitarianism. The novels main character, Winston metalworker, is a civil servant tasked with disseminating government propaganda through the forging of records and political literature. Disillusioned with such a mechanistic existence, Smith begins an uprising against the regime a move which later resulted in his incarceration and torture.The esteem of Nineteen Eighty-Four can be attributed mainly to its frank and pictorial portrayal of the perpetuation of the status quo at the expense of individual rights (Gearon 65). Many of the novels terminologies and ideas, such as doublethink, Orwellian, vernalspeak and Big Br opposite, eventually acquired secure places in the English language (Trahair 289). At present, some thinkers even use these expressions and concepts to criticize repressive government policies.The term Orwellian, for instance, is currently an idiom that refers to any form of normality that closely resembles the Party (Cameron 151). One of Orwells major arguments in the novel is that language is the totalitarian governments most designerful weapon of theme control. Through the usage of deceptive language and propaganda, as well as the modification of language, the Party was able to manipulate the concepts and beliefs of the citizens of Oceania. Newspeak was the Partys primary centre of mis ahead(p) the citizens of Oceania (Thomas, Singh, Peccei, Jones and Wareing 39).It was a corrupted form of Standard English (known in the novel as Oldspeak) that reflected the principles of Ingsoc. Undesirable manner of speaking were eliminated from the lingua franca, while those that were retained were bleak of unorthodox denotations (Ji 1). Consequently, it became impossible to develop other mode s of thought in Newspeak (Orwell 144). Newspeak was much than just a language it was the (embodiment) of the totalitarian (mindset) of the Party members (Gerovitch 12).To accommodate alternate views would enlarge the possibility of encountering heretical thoughts (Gerovitch 13). It is no longer surprising, therefore, if the Party required all inhabitants of Oceania to use Newspeak doing so was a very convenient way of indoctrinating them with Ingsoc beliefs. The immense power of language to control the mind is not a fictional phenomenon. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (n. d. ) argued that language determined how human beings perceived their environment (Thomas, Singh, Peccei, Jones and Wareing 39).This assumption is composed of twain parts linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism. Linguistic relativity theorized that the languages of different cultures do not necessarily ease up equivalent systems of representation. Linguistic determinism, meanwhile, asserted that a langu age not wholly reflected certain aspects of reality but also influenced the speakers thought process (Thomas, Singh, Peccei, Jones and Wareing 25). It would be fair to say that the supposal behind the development and usage of Newspeak was based on the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.In the novels appendix, it is revealed that Ingsoc was originally known as English Socialism (Orwell 143). But during the epoch of English Socialism, pot spoke Standard English. Consequently, they were exposed to radical ideas that inspired them to turn against the Party (Ji 1). In retaliation, the Party silenced them through penalty and fright (Ji 1). The Party eventually viewed the period of English Socialism as one that was characterized with violence and lawlessness. Standard English, meanwhile, was regarded as a relic of an anarchic past that essential be discarded at all costs.The Party even set a year in which they expected Standard English to be already nonexistent 2050 (Orwell 143). In the appendi x of the novel, Orwell wrote the Partys ultimate dream a society wherein everyone accepted the official ideology even without the threat of punishment and terror (Ji 1). This was only possible, however, if they had no access to subversive ideas. It must be noted that in the context of the novel, Standard English was regarded as the source of heretical concepts.The Party therefore realized that Standard English must be replaced with a singular and specially contrived language Newspeak. When plenty spoke, heard, read and wrote only in Newspeak, they could be kept under control even without outright state persecution (Ji 1). Newspeak was the official language of Oceania and had been devised to meet the ideological needs of Ingsoc, or English Socialism. In the year 1984 there was not as yet anyone who used Newspeak as his sole means of communication, either in speech or writing.The leading articles in The Times were written in it, but this was a tour de force which could only be car ried out by a specialist. It was expected that Newspeak would have finally superseded Oldspeak (or Standard English, as we should call it) by about the year 2050. (143) The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the (worldview) and psychogenic habits proper to the devotees of Ingsoc, but to make all other modes of thought impossible.It was intended that when Newspeak had been adopted once and for all and Oldspeak forgotten, a heretical thought that is, a thought diverging from the principles of Ingsoc should be literally unthinkable, at least so far as thought is dependent on words. Its vocabulary was so constructed as to utilise exact and often very subtle expression to every meaning that a Party member could properly wish to express, while excluding all other meanings and also the possibility of arriving at them by indirect methods. This was done partly by the invention of newwords, but chiefly by eliminating undesirable words and by stripping s uch words as remained of unorthodox meanings, and so far as possible of all secondary meanings whatever. To give a iodine example. The word free still existed in Newspeak, but it could only be used in such statements as This dog is free from lice or This sphere is free from weeds. It could not be used in its old sense of politically free or intellectually free since political and intellectual granting immunity no longer existed even as concepts, and were therefore of necessity nameless.(144) A person growing up with Newspeak as his sole language would no more know that equal had once had the secondary meaning of politically equal, or that free had once meant intellectually free, than for instance, a person who had never heard of rig would be aware of the secondary meanings attaching to queen and rook. There would be many crimes and errors which it would be beyond his power to commit, simply because they were nameless and therefore unimaginable. (148-149)This ambition, however, w as not without secure consequences. The individual rights of the people of Oceania were severely violated. They constantly lived in headache of government reprisal landscapes across London were bombarded with posters of Big Brother with the caption Big Brother is observance You (Orwell 1). Two-way television sets telescreens were installed in all homes and public establishments in order to monitor the populace for any sign of subversive activity (thoughtcrime). Worse, the Party back up everyone to spy on one another.Even children were ordered to report their parents to the authorities (Thought Police) if they caught them committing a thoughtcrime. Winston Smith was among those who paid the ultimate price. Upon his arrest, he was taken to the Ministry of Love, where he was subjected to electroconvulsive therapy torture. Winston was afterwards taken to the infamous Room 101, where a prisoner was tortured by being exposed to his or her greatest fear. Winstons primal fear was rat s he was therefore tortured by having a wire cage full of starving rats brought near to his face.Petrified, Winston finally accepts Party ideology and was later released as a brainwashed individual. Sadly, it is obvious that Orwells warning in Nineteen Eighty-Four went unheeded. At present, there are still so many societies wherein people are stripped of their basic rights and liberties. What is more saddening is that some of the parties who are guilty of this wrongdoing are actually claiming that they are staunch advocates of freedom, justice and equality. They use fatten out propaganda to proclaim their advocacy while acting in a completely opposite manner.The Party used language in order to keep the people of Oceania silent, ignorant and oppressed. In doing so, the former proved that evil prospers where good is silent. Orwell, on the other hand, used words in order to expose and fight this atrocity. In doing so, he proved that the pen is mightier than the sword.Works CitedCamer on, Deborah. Verbal Hygiene. New York Routledge, 1995. Gearon, Liam. Freedom of Expression and Human Rights Historical, Literary and Political Contexts. Eastbourne Sussex Academic Press, 2006. Gerovitch, Slava.From Newspeak to Cyberspeak A History of Soviet Cybernetics. Cambridge MIT Press, 2004. Ji, Fengyuan. Linguistic Engineering Language and Politics in Maos China. Honolulu University of Hawaii Press, 2004. Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. n. p. n. d. Thomas, Linda, Ishtla Singh, Jean Stilwell Peccei, Jason Jones, and Shan Wareing. Language, Society and Power An Introduction. 2nd ed. New York Routledge, 2004. Trahair, R. C. S. Utopia and Utopians A Historical Dictionary. Santa Barbara Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999.

Comparing Oxygen Levels to Heart Rate Recovery and Peak Time

Comparing Oxygen Levels to Heart Rate Reco really and notice TimeResearch QuestionHow do different concentrations of atomic number 8 provided to the respiratory organization affect the sum total send and thus a plain mattersathletic capabilities? insane asylumFirstly, it is important to investigate how the probosciss respiratory system functions. The lungs have two primary functions, releasing carbon dioxide from the body and integrating atomic number 8 into the bloodstream 3. The lungs never achieve peak capacity and are not responsible for the limitation in type O delivered to the muscles 1. This is important because, in the case of this experiment the limitations may be deriveed. thither is always approximately the same amount of type O in the oxygenise in relation to everything else 21%. Howeveras altitude increases there is little air pressure and thus less oxygen available to the lungs per diaphragm contraction cycle. Instead of changing the barometric pressure, t here exit simply be less or more oxygen in the air, in this experiment. This may cause an abnormal result as the body responds differently to drastic eachy adapted conditions. When the oxygen content of the air is drastically reduced, the blood runament most apparent be significantly less satu esteemd and when the oxygen content of the air is drastically increased the blood should be more saturated with oxygen 2.It is then necessary to investigate how this might affect the cardiac system. The amount of oxygen that is available to the cells while they are producing ATPto drive the body is important, because if there is not enough oxygen available for aerobic respiration, thananaerobic respiration will take place. Anaerobic respiration will produce lactate and carbon dioxide. The lactate (lactic acid), triggers a response from the sympathetic nervous system1, 2. The noradrenergic sympathetic nervous system produces norepinephrine. The SA node (sinoatrial node), stimulated by the norepinephrine hormone increases both the rate that the affection beats and the degree to which the heart completes a systolic contraction 1,2. In addition to the sympathetic nervous system, the medulla senses the increase of carbon dioxide in the blood due to anaerobic respiration. The medulla then sends an electrical signal by means of the cardiac nerve to the SA node2.A live O2 machine will be used in order to carry out this experiment. It produces and stores 15% oxygen and 95% oxygen separately. These will be the two concentrations of oxygen that will be used to compare the times it takes for heart rates to peak and then recover. The independant variant is the concentration of Oxygen. The dependantvariable is the time it takes for the subject to peak and the time it takes for the subject to recover. The experiment will be controlled by regulating the speed at which the salt mine is set to. Since the point of this experiment is to compare expirationsthe difference in the indiv iduals athletic talent should not make a difference in the data.Materials operate O2 MachineOxygen robeTreadmillHeart rate/oxygen saturation monitorClorox and paper towelsTimerExperimental OverviewThe Live O2 machine which will be used to create, store and deliver the two different concentrations of oxygen is comprised of an oxygen machine, storage bag with two compartments, a delivery system with a mask and a switch to change which concentration of oxygen is being delivered.The picture above, depicting the liveO2 system is the one that was used, except a treadmill was usedinstead of a stationary bike as is depicted. The test subjects heart rate peak times and recovery times were first tried and true with the increased level of oxygen, they were then given a period of rest while anformer(a) subject ran on the treadmill. Then, after the period of rest the subject would run on the treadmill again and their peak and recovery times would be measured with the restricted levels of oxy gen. The doorsill for the heart rate peaking was 140 bpm. The threshold for recovered was when the heart rate of the subject was within 10 of their original resting heart rate. For example, if the test subjects resting heart rate was 65 bpm, they would be considered recovered when their heart rate dropped back below 75.ProcedureStep 1First 8willing people were found, who were athletically fit enough that there would not be any damage to their body through the testing. Then the 8people were instructed not to drink any sort of caffeine or any other stimulant before the experiment. The mask of the liveO2 machine was cleaned with cloroxand the oxygen machine was turned on to fill up the two individual bags.Step 2Then the resting heart rate of the subject was taken with the heart rate monitor. Ten was added to the resting number to determine the threshold that the heart rate must reach during recovery to determine whether or not the subject has recovered. The heart rate monitor was left on the subjects sense to monitor their heart rate, Thenthe oxygen was set to the 95% setting and the treadmill was set to 5 miles per hour. Then, once the subject was at 5 miles per hour the timer was started and the subject was instructedto hold the mask to their face. The timer was stopped once the subjects heart rate reached 140 bpm. Then the treadmill was stopped and the subject was instructed to keep the mask on. Then the time it took for their heart rate to return to the predetermined resting rate was measured.Step 3The first subject was then given rest while subject 2 performed grade 2. Once subject 2 was done with step 2, subject 1 repeated step 2 with 15% oxygen instead of 95% oxygen followed again by subject 2. The mask was cleaned with cloroxbetween each subject.Step 4Steps 1-3 were repeated with the remained of the test subjects and the data was recorded in a table within the lab book.Safety considerationsSince this lab works with the human body and measuring its respo nses to what could be consideredstrenuous situations, there must be precautions taken. Firstly, all of the subjects that were tested, were either in good or exceptional physical condition and had no preexisting wellness complications that would endanger them during the experiment. To further ensure that there was no physical harm done to the subjects, the subjects saturation was incessantly monitored with the heart rate/oxygen saturation monitor. If at any point during the 15% oxygen test the saturation dipped too low (below 85% saturation) and remained there for more than a couple seconds then the 95% oxygen would immediately been switched on and that pad of testing would be terminated and the subject time to rest. The mask that was being used was alike constantly cleaned with cloroxto prevent the spreading of germs.AnalysisQualitative variablesThe two main variables that may have affected the data were the heart rate monitor and the oxygen mask. The fact that the subject had to hold the monitor on their finger and the mask while running made the heart rate monitor slightly inaccurate and sometimes would simply not take readings. It only worked when the subject was holding onto it and this disrupted their normal running patterns. Some subjects also had trouble holding the mask to their face with enough force to hold a postage stamp while running. This may have let some of the infixed air into the mask. Holding the mask also inhibited the subjects natural running pattern. The fact that the subjects natural running pattern was inhibited made it harder for them to keep a normal running pace even with the treadmill set at a constant 5 miles per hour. Having to control all of these things at once may have also added to the strain on the subjects body, which could have affected the results. Then finally, there is also the fact that everyone that was being tested was different in their biological makeup and therefore will respond slightly differently to the two concentrations of oxygen.Data have intercourse outpouring and Recovery times (in seconds)run95% Oxygen Peak times (s)95% Oxygen Recovery time (s)15% Oxygen Peak times (s)15% Oxygen Recovery time (s)118745621852180565210232006440188418169397351537136123610852602017181215613381446127177This table displays each run and the times in seconds associated with it. The runs where the higher concentration of oxygen (95%) was used are displayed first, on the left. The runs where the bring down concentration of oxygen (15%) was used are displayed second, on the right. The peak times (the time it takes for the subjects heart rate to reach 140 bpm from resting) are displayed in the 2nd and 4th column and the recovery times (the time it takes for a subjects heart rate to go from 140 bpm back to within 10 of resting) are displayed in the 3rd and 5th column.This bar graph displays the number recovery times and peak times for the two different levels of oxygen concentration. The recovery times ar e listed at the top and the peak times are listed at the bottom.Average Difference in Peak and Recovery time in secondsPeak time (s)Recovery time (s)Difference120.2592.875This table displays the difference between the average peak time of the 95% and 15% oxygen concentration. As well as the difference between the average recovery time of the 95% oxygen and the 15% oxygen concentrations.EvaluationConclusion of resultsThere is a clear difference between the times for the two different concentration of oxygen. When the subject was administered 95% oxygen their peak times took an average of 166.75 seconds, while when the average peak time when only 15% oxygen concentration was administered was 46.5 seconds. This is a difference of 120.25 seconds, so clearly when a subject is administered more oxygen it provides more oxygen for the system, this allows the body to stay out of anaerobic respiration longer and thus allows the heart to beat slower for a greater amount of time.The difference seen in recovery times was also significant. On average, with the higher 95% oxygen concentration the subjects recovered around 54.875 seconds. However when the subjects were administered the lower concentration of oxygen the recovery times took much longer, averaging out at 147.75 seconds. The difference was 92.875 seconds. This occurred because when the body was already deprived of oxygen and the saturation was low there was a humongous amount of carbon dioxide and lactic acid build up from anaerobic respiration. Then, after the subject stopped running, the low oxygen concentration most likely caused the subjects to stay in anaerobic respiration as the body tried to oxygenate the meander. With the higher concentration of oxygen, the subjects body was able to quickly oxygenate the tissue and return the body to complete or near complete aerobic respiration. This would have stopped the build up of lactic acid and carbon dioxide and allowed the body to flush the two out of its syste m. Once the lactic acid and carbon dioxide has either been absorbed or in the case of carbon dioxide, exited the lungs, the heart rate would return to resting.Therefore, the results matched what should have happened according to previous scientific research, outlined in the introduction.How the lab could be improved and extendedThe first thing that would be facilitatory would be to use a more accurate heart rate monitor. Most likely the best solution would be a heart rate monitor that could be taped to the finger being used in unison with a chest heart rate monitor. Using both of these concurrently would ensure the best and most consistent results. In addition it would remove the responsibility from the subject of holding onto the heart rate monitor.Another issues that could be substantially solved is the oxygen mask. The straps that were provided with the mask fell off very easily during running. As a result the subjects had to hold the mask to their face as they ran. This hinde red their ability to run smoothly and did not guarantee a complete seal around the face. Next time a full head cap could be used to ensure that a seal was maintained and would allow the subject to run normally.To further extend this experiment saturation rates could also be compared to heart rate and oxygen concentration. When the subjects were performing the test their saturation rates were monitored for safety reasons but not recorded. If the saturation rates could be recorded throughout the test at specific points along with the heart rate it would be interesting to look into how the saturation rates are correlated with the heart when very low and very high concentrations of oxygen are being administered to the subject.Works CitedBurton, Deborah Anne, FRCA, Keith Stokes, BSc PhD, and George M. Hall, MBBS PhD DSc FRCA. Physiological Effects of Exercise. Continuing Education in Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain. Oxford Journals, n.d. Web. 10 May 2016.Damon, Alan, Randy McGonegal, Patricia Tosto, and William Ward. Higher Level Biology. N.p. n.p., n.d. Print.How Your Lungs Work. How Your Lungs Work. Cleveland Clinic, 13 Oct. 2010. Web. 13 May 2016.AppendixRelease formsI, Jonas Kaare-Rasmussen understand that the experiment I am tough in and the tasks that I am performing, could be breakneck for my health. I assume all financial obligation for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen privation may cause health problems.electronically signed by Jonas Kaare-RasmussenI, bull Larsen understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all financial obligation for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems.Electronically signed by Jack LarsenI, Danielle Zimber understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems.Electronically signed by Danielle ZimberI, Hailey Zimber understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health complications.Electronically signed by Hailey ZimberI, Alex Kellam understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems.Electronically signed by Alex KellamI, Taso Warsa understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems.Electronically signed by Taso WarsaI, Ben Voter understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks th at I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems.Electronically signed by Ben VoterI, Alex Alsop understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems.Electronically signed by Alex Alsop